Hallucination Litigation Index
It is already in court.
14 public lawsuits, regulatory complaints, and enforcement actions where the disputed thing is what an AI system said. Every row carries the strength of its own evidence, in the open, including the rows where that evidence is weak.
Primary filing — an official court or regulator document is linked: a stamped complaint, an opinion, an attorney-general letter. You can read the source yourself.
Legal analysis — no filing on file here, but the source is a law firm, a legal academic, or a government legal summary writing about the matter.
Press report — general news coverage only. Reported accurately as far as we can tell, but not verified against a document.
Tier is computed from the source links themselves, not asserted by us. Access is tracked separately, because a filing behind a paywall is still a filing you cannot read. All 32 source URLs were requested on 2026-08-01 to confirm they resolve. Allegations are allegations — where a provider has already prevailed, the outcome column says so.
| Matter | Provider | Failure mode | Forum | Status | Evidence | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
noyb complaint re inaccurate date of birth AIH-002 · 2024-04-29 · GDPR / privacy Complaint alleges inaccurate personal data processing and inadequate access/rectification response. | OpenAI ChatGPT | Incorrect personal data | Austria / EU | Pending verification Complaint filed; public final resolution not confirmed in reviewed sources. | Primary filing | |
Arve Hjalmar Holmen / noyb complaint AIH-003 · 2025-03-20 · GDPR / privacy + defamation-adjacent Complaint alleges OpenAI allowed defamatory inaccurate personal data and lacked a meaningful correction mechanism. | OpenAI ChatGPT | False criminal/murder allegation | Norway / EEA | Pending verification Complaint filed with Norwegian Datatilsynet; public final resolution not confirmed in reviewed sources. | Primary filing | |
Robby Starbuck v. Google LLC AIH-005 · 2025-10-22 · Defamation Plaintiff alleges Google disseminated severe false statements despite known hallucination risks. | Google Bard / Gemini / Gemma | False criminal/sexual allegation + fictitious sources | United States — Delaware | Pending motion Pending in reviewed sources; Google moved to dismiss in November 2025. | Primary filing | |
Robby Starbuck v. Meta Platforms AIH-006 · 2025-08-08 · Defamation Plaintiff alleged Meta's chatbot produced false reputationally harmful statements. | Meta Meta AI / Llama-based assistant | False political/extremism attribution | United States — Delaware | Settled Settled in August 2025; Starbuck to advise Meta on AI bias per public reporting. | Primary filing | |
California AG cease-and-desist / investigation re Grok deepfakes AIH-009 · 2026-01-16 · State AG / consumer protection AG demanded xAI halt generation/distribution; office began investigating. | xAI Grok image generation | NCII generation / distribution | United States — California | Regulatory investigation Cease-and-desist sent; investigation reported active at time of Reuters article. | Primary filing | |
35 State Attorneys General letter to xAI AIH-010 · 2026-01-23 · Multi-state AG pressure Letter pressures xAI to address NCII generation and protect individuals from AI-facilitated abuse. | xAI Grok image generation | Deepfake NCII risk | United States — multi-state | Regulator pressure Letter issued; no final enforcement disposition in reviewed source. | Primary filing | |
OLG Hamm chatbot liability ruling AIH-011 · 2026-05-12 · Unfair competition / consumer protection Consumer organization sued under unfair competition law; court held operator liable for chatbot statements. | Medical chatbot operator (unnamed in summ… Website AI chatbot | False qualification/medical-professional statement | Germany | Operator liable Injunction granted/upheld; appeal reportedly permitted. | Primary filing | |
Italian Garante investigation and fine re ChatGPT AIH-013 · 2024-12-20 · GDPR / transparency Regulator imposed €15M fine; OpenAI appealed. | OpenAI ChatGPT | Broader training/legal-basis dispute with hallucination adj… | Italy / EU | Provider won/annulled Fine was cancelled by Rome court on March 19, 2026; court explanation not immediately released in Reuters reporting. | Primary filing | |
Walters v. OpenAI LLC AIH-001 · 2025-05-19 · Defamation Plaintiff alleged ChatGPT generated defamatory false allegations about him to a reporter. | OpenAI ChatGPT | Fake lawsuit / false legal allegation | United States — Georgia | Provider won OpenAI won; Georgia court granted summary judgment / dismissed claim on May 19, 2025. | Legal analysis | |
LTL LED LLC d/b/a Wolf River Electric v. Google LLC AIH-004 · 2025-03-05 · Defamation / business disparagement Plaintiff alleges the AI summary misattributed unrelated AG litigation to Wolf River and caused lost business. | Google AI Overview / Gemini-related sear… | False regulator/lawsuit attribution | United States — Minnesota | Pending Active / pre-trial posture in reviewed secondary sources; docket status requires verification. | Legal analysis | |
Nippon Life Insurance Co. of America v. OpenAI Foundation / OpenAI Group PBC AIH-007 · 2026-03-05 · Unauthorized practice of law / product… Plaintiff claims ChatGPT effectively practiced law without a license and caused defense costs. | OpenAI ChatGPT | AI-assisted legal advice / alleged fake legal citations | United States — Illinois | Pending motion Pending; OpenAI moved to dismiss in May 2026. | Legal analysis | |
Doe class action(s) re Grok non-consensual sexual deepfakes AIH-008 · 2026-01-23 · Product liability / negligence / privac… Plaintiffs allege xAI knowingly enabled harmful outputs and failed to implement guardrails. | xAI Grok image generation | Non-consensual sexualized deepfake output | United States — California | Pending Active in reviewed sources; class-action posture ongoing. | Legal analysis | |
ANI Media Pvt Ltd v. OpenAI AIH-012 · 2024-11-19 · Copyright + false attribution Plaintiff alleges copyright misuse and reputational harm from fabricated attribution. | OpenAI ChatGPT | Fabricated news attributed to publisher | India | Pending verification OpenAI ordered/requested to respond in reporting; current status requires docket verification. | Legal analysis | |
Battle v. Microsoft Corp. AIH-014 · 2023-07-07 · Defamation Plaintiff alleged Microsoft AI search output attributed another person's criminal history to him. | Microsoft Bing AI / AI-assisted search summ… | Identity conflation with criminal defendant | United States — Maryland | Needs docket verification Filed in 2023; current disposition requires docket verification. | Legal analysis |
Index compiled 2026-08-01. This is a working tracker, not legal advice, and not a claim that any provider has done anything wrong — several of these matters have been decided in the provider's favor and are marked as such. Corrections welcome; every row is meant to be checkable, which is the entire reason the weak rows are labeled instead of quietly dropped.